![]() The skin may feel itchy, but is not painful. The reddened skin blanches when pressure is applied to it. The scarlet fever rash generally looks red on white and pale skin, and might be difficult to visualise on brown or black skin, in whom the bumps are typically larger, the skin less like sandpaper, and the perioral pallor less obvious. The cheeks might look flushed with a pale area around the mouth. It typically appears as small flat spots on the neck or torso before developing into small bumps that spread to the arms and legs. The characteristic rash has been denoted as "scarlatiniform", and it appears as a diffuse redness of the skin with small bumps resembling goose bumps. Mouth and throat Ĭharacteristic red cheeks and rash of scarlet fever Cough, hoarseness, runny nose, diarrhea, and conjunctivitis are typically absent in scarlet fever such symptoms indicate what is more likely a viral infection. However, not all cases present with a fever, the degree of tiredness may vary, the sore throat and tongue changes might be slight or absent, and the rash can be patchy rather than diffuse in some. The rash usually appears one to two days later but may appear before or up to seven days following feeling sick. The signs and symptoms are therefore those of a strep throat but these are followed by the inclusion of the characteristic widespread rash. ![]() Often these can present together known as pharyngotonsillitis. Scarlet fever usually follows from a group A streptococcal infection that involves a strep throat such as streptococcal tonsillitis or more usually streptococcal pharyngitis. Scarlet fever typically presents with a sudden onset of sore throat, fever, and malaise, headache, nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain may also be present. Research published in October 2020 showed that infection of the bacterium by three viruses has led to more virulent strains of the bacterium. In recent years, there have been signs of antibiotic resistance there was an outbreak in Hong Kong in 2011 and in the UK in 2014, and occurrence of the disease rose by 68% in the UK between 20. In the early 20th century it was a leading cause of death in children, but even before the Second World War and the introduction of antibiotics, its severity was already declining, perhaps due to better living conditions, the introduction of better control measures, or a decline in the virulence of the bacteria. Long-term complications as a result of scarlet fever include kidney disease, rheumatic fever, and arthritis. Outcomes with scarlet fever are typically good if treated. The disease is treatable with antibiotics, which reduce symptoms and spread, and prevent most complications. Prevention is by frequent handwashing, not sharing personal items, and staying away from other people when sick. ![]() The diagnosis is typically confirmed by culturing swabs of the throat. It can also be spread when a person touches an object that has the bacteria on it and then touches their mouth or nose. The bacteria are usually spread by people coughing or sneezing. Scarlet fever develops in a small number of people who have strep throat or streptococcal skin infections. On darker-pigmented skin the rash may be hard to discern. The rash occurs as a result of capillary damage by exotoxins produced by S.pyogenes. It typically feels like sandpaper and the tongue may be red and bumpy. The face is flushed and the rash is red and blanching. The signs and symptoms include a sore throat, fever, headache, swollen lymph nodes, and a characteristic rash. It most commonly affects children between five and 15 years of age. The infection is a type of Group A streptococcal infection (Group A strep). Scarlet fever, also known as Scarlatina, is an infectious disease caused by Streptococcus pyogenes, a Group A streptococcus (GAS). Penicillin, amoxicillin, first-generation cephalosporin, clindamycin, erythromycin Handwashing, not sharing personal items, staying away from sick people Kidney disease, rheumatic fever, arthritis Sore throat, fever, headaches, swollen lymph nodes in the neck, characteristic rash Red strawberry tongue seen in later stage
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